D-Zone Box+1

The “Box Plus One” system is all about the ability to force the play to the outside of the ice.  Think of it like the PK box with one player in the middle. 

The primary purpose of any d-zone coverage is to minimize the number of opportunities from the “war zone” or primary scoring area of the rink (see diagram below) and force the play into the “soft” areas of the ice.  Soft areas are parts of the ice where far fewer goals are scored.

Again it's all about the DOTS force players and shots to the outside the dots.

Red is "War zone", Blue is "Soft Area"

In order to effectively run the Box Plus One, players must have a good grasp of the area each player is responsible to cover.  Starting with the puck in the corner, the diagram below shows basic areas of responsibility.

The LW is responsible for the general areas shown in light-blue.  RW is responsible for areas shown in tan.  RD is responsible for areas shown in light-green.  LD is responsible for the areas shown in orange.  Both LD and RD are jointly responsible for the area directly in front and behind the net.  The C is jointly responsible (with LD and RD) to cover the entire area of both defensemen’s responsibility.

Along with the basic coverage areas shown in the diagram are arrows indicating which way the player’s feet should be facing during the play.  Too often coaches leave this important concept out of their defensive zone instruction.  The direction a player has his/her feet facing can be the difference between making a play and giving up a goal.  As a rule-of-thumb, players in the defensive zone should not have their feet facing the net.  The should be facing up ice, or no more than parallel to the goal line.  This simple concept allows players to see and read the ice much easier, giving them a better chance of finding their responsibilities.

The diagrams below outline each player’s individual line of sight in the above scenario.  Knowing where to look is crucial in properly executing the coverage.

Left Wing Line of Sight

Right Wing Line of Sight

Right Defense Line of Sight

Center Line of Sight

Left D Line of Sight

Note: The darker-orange areas in the Left D’s line of sight diagram represent areas LD must constantly be checking.

In order to more fully understand the coverage, a coach must understand the rotations and shifts in responsibility when the puck changes location.  There are three main rotational scenarios.

Scenario #1 – Puck is passed to the point

In this scenario, each player’s responsibility is highlighted.

RW should attack LD from the inside-out.  This prevents LD from getting a better angle shot and also leaves fewer points of escape by utilizing the blue line and boards.  RW should finish his/her check when pressuring the point.

LW is responsible for the RD, but should remain in the high-slot to help out with loose pucks or anyone who may be open.  

If RW pressures LD properly, the pass from LD to RD should not be an option.

RD and C are responsible for staying on the defensive side of their respective player.  Defensive side simply means having your body between the player you’re defending and the net.

LD is responsible for tying up his/her man in front if a shot comes, as well as preventing the player from getting body position on any rebounds.  LD should stay on the defensive side of the opponent at all times.

Scenario #2 – Puck is passed behind the net

Individual player responsibilities are again highlighted along with basic rotation directions.

C should pressure the new puck carrier.  Ideally, C will be able to take the body and pin the puck carrier against the wall creating a turn over.  C should try to force the puck carrier out to one side of the net and not allow cut-backs.  Cut-backs often create coverage confusion and lead to scoring opportunities.

RD remains responsible for the previous puck carrier.  It is crucial RD wins the race back to the front of the net and remains on d-side of his/her player.

LD remains responsible for the opposing player in front of the net.  LD can not allow his/her feet to face the end-boards, as this will allow the opposing forward to get open in front of the net without LD knowing exactly where the opponent is skating.  LD should keep his/her feet facing up ice until the puck carrier reaches the far post, at which point, LD can open facing the sideboards allowing clear vision of both the puck carrier and responsibility in front of the net.

LW remains in the high slot for additional support and remains responsible for the opposing RD.

RW shifts to the high slot for additional support.  RW remains responsible for the opposing LD and should not turn his/her back to the coverage.

Alternate Rotation

An alternate to the scenario #2 rotation is to allow the LD to pressure the new puck carrier behind the net and have C fill LD’s previous responsibility in front of the net.  This rotation can be useful when the puck carrier has a step or two on the C.  In order for this rotation to work properly, C and LD need to communicate to ensure only one player is pressuring the puck.  LD should not leave until C has picked up the man in front of the net.  If LD leaves too early, the opposing forward will be left open in front of the net until C is able to pick him/her up.

Scenario #3 – Puck is moved to the far corner

In scenarios where the puck shifts from one corner to the other, players must quickly and efficiently rotate to avoid any gaps in coverage.

LD becomes strong-side defenseman and should pressure the puck carrier assuming he/she is closer to the puck than C (as shown in this diagram).

C should rotate to the other side of the net for support – traveling through the front of the net to block passing lanes and cover anyone who may be in the high slot during the rotation.

RD returns to the front of the net.  RD must win the race back to the front.

RW shifts into the high-slot for weak-side support.

LW rotates just above the dot on the far circle, staying in between RD and the net.

Final Tips:

1) Always keep your stick on the ice and in the most dangerous passing lane.  This simple act can prevent countless scoring opportunities.  The most dangerous passing lane is most often the middle of the ice.

2) Proper communication is key.  In a game, there will be times of confusion.  Proper communication amongst the players will allow responsibility shifts without creating gaps in coverage.  Coverage gaps equal scoring opportunities!

3) Be aggressive on the puck carrier.  The more time you give an opponent time to set up and make plays, the more likely it becomes someone will miss a coverage.

4) Centers should be treated like defensemen and be allowed to pursue the puck carrier in the corner if he/she can get there before a defenseman.

5) The first person pressuring the puck should look to take the body and separate the man from the puck.  When separation has occurred, the support player (Center in the diagrams above) should quickly move in to gain possession of the puck.

6) Have your head on a swivel. In the defensive zone, players must consistently look around to identify gaps in coverage (open players).  Players cannot get caught watching the puck and losing track of their responsibility.

Basic rules of how to play the D-Zone.

There are a few basic rules that apply at no matter what level you play at. These rules never change and if you break them, hopefully your teammates can bail you out.

D-zone coverage



The above picture illustrates the basic areas within the defensive zone. Each area has it's own set of basic principles and roles of the player in that zone. It is important that you understand the areas and the principles that apply to them in order to defend your defensive zone effectively.

The areas and principles are as follows:

• A. HIT ZONE Defensemen must body checks, seal off players, pin them to boards, and above all DO NOT GET BEAT 1-1.
• B. SUPPORT ZONE Stay between the puck and the net, quickly find and attack loose pucks. CONTAINMENT.
• C. WAR ZONE CREASE Feet pointed up ice (to see attackers), scan for loose players, lock them up if they become a threat.
• D. WAR ZONE Head on a swivel!! Watch back door, support Point Zone (left winger).
• E. POINT ZONE Head on a swivel, weak side winger should move more to the high slot area, this keeps his point covered and he is naturally in the passing lane.

Tip #2 At the youth levels, you see a lot of players spending too much time watching the play or admiring a pass, instead of moving to help support the play. It can be tough when you have teammates who maybe carries the puck a little too much, but you can help him by moving into an opening on the ice and being ready for a pass.

Tip #3 You should ALWAYS know where the puck is. NEVER turn your back to the play! If you turn your back even for split second, a pass or loose puck can come your way and you will not be ready for it.

Tip #4 KEEP YOUR STICK ON THE ICE AT ALL TIMES!!! You want to present a good target to your teammates and it you're skating around with your stick in the air you are NOT doing that. Passer need a target, we have enough problems passing, pucks ending up as icing or in the skates of the player receiving the pass, do not compound the problem.

Tip #5 The way you practice directly translates to how you play come game day. Plan and simple, if you practice bad habits, don't give 100%, don't skate as hard as you can, you will not become a better player and you will do these things come game day.

It come down to this.... You have to know where the puck is and have the ability to anticipate the play. That is a skill learned by playing and having coaches that instruct you during the game. It takes time, so don't get discourage if it does not come to you right away. Skate to the open ice and be in a pass ready position.

Simple principles of better team play

Kevin Costantine (NHL Coach): “Many little things done right by everyone, has more power than a few people doing one big thing right.”

Every coach talks about the importance of fundamentals because without them it is virtually impossible to become a elite-level player. Furthermore, without fundamentally sound players, it’s tough to have a winning team.

In addition to individual skill-based fundamentals, there exists some tried, tested and true principles that I consider hard and fast axioms of the game of hockey. You as a player need understand these principles.

The first four principles we need to understand for better team play are:

• Primary scoring area (War zone)
• Control the middle of the ice
• Learn to control time and space.
• The concept of supporting the play.

Primary scoring area (War zone, the house) 

The most important events of the game happen in the prime scoring area (or the War Zone). Successful teams can do many things improperly in others areas of the ice, but if they know how to play well in front of both nets (offensive and defensive), they immediately have a better chance of winning.

Rink within the rink (Middle Ice)

The middle of the ice in the neutral zone is important as well. When defending, the ability to establish position so as to deflect (direct) attacks to the outside is an effective weapon. The ability to move the puck through the middle of the ice while attacking improves prospects for successful offensive play.

Keep in mind, no matter what happens you should always protect the area between the dots. If you are a winger that gets caught in the wrong position, or are back checking, quickly get yourself back to the inside of the dots with your stick on the ice!!! Back checking along the boards is a waste of time more times than not. PROTECT THE MIDDLE OF THE ICE!

The Principle of “Time and Space” 

The offensive team needs both time and space to execute its attacks successfully and get the puck in the primary scoring area (War zone). Everything the offense does is predicated on creating more time for the puck carrier and more space free of checking pressure from the opponents.

FACT: Any player, even if poorly skilled, can make a good offensive play if given enough time and space.

Teams that play a high-pressure defensive system with pinching defense-men tend to emphasize taking away time. They create intense pressure on the puck carrier in the hope that the opponent will make a poor decision.

Other teams use a more controlled defensive system that emphasizes taking away critical space first, before initiating pressure on the puck carrier.

Then there are teams like ours that use a blended approach. We use a 2-3 fore check that allows 2 player to apply pressure on the puck taking away time, and the other three to set up and take away critical space.

Ways to create Time and Space:

• Pass to open ice allowing a team mate to skate into it as shown below.
• Skate laterally into open ice while the defenders continue to back up as shown below.
• Delay by slowing down, stopping, escaping or pulling up to buy time for teammates to get open or in the zone.
• Protect the puck until a team mate can get open for a pass or move to support the puck carrier.
• Use the net as a pick to gain extra time and space.
• Get in the way of the opposing players (provide a pick), allowing the puck carrier time and space.

Create time and space by passing to open ice. F1 feels the pressure of the opponent and makes a pass to open ice allowing F3 to skate into the pass.

Creating time and space by skating laterally. F1 skates laterally or parallel to the blue line while defenders are backing away. Allowing your teammates to gain entry or get deeper into the offensive zone. BUT you need to come in with speed! Defenders fear and respect speed, they will meet you at the blue line if you come in slow, so generate speed through the neutral zone!

Also take note that F2 splits the D, F3 skates hard to get behind the and we are attacking only one D man D1. Hockey is about creating odd man advantages!

The principle of Support

This principle is KEY with respect to effective team play. As many coaches talk about support, you'll find that many players have many different ideas on what that means.

Sarge quote: "We can only get better by knowing the truth."

So before we discuss Support, first ask yourself these questions and be honest to yourself:

• Are you watching the play or trying to get into it?
• Do you make the pass and sit back to admire how good that pass was or skating into position to become a threat?
• Do you watch the faster players get in the zone or do you try to keep up with them?
• Do you watch the shot on net or crash the net?
• Do you fore and back check as hard as you can or quit at the red line?

Sarge quote: "Spectators belong in the stands, players belong on the ice."

As with most sports, one of the primary goals is to achieve an odd man advantage in your favor, simply put outnumber the opponent in the area of the puck (defensive, offensive or neutral zones), thus creating a 2 on 1, 3 on 2, man advantage around the puck and or puck carrier.

Support is about what you're doing with out the puck.

Support Means:

• Skating to an area of the ice where the puck carrier has an easy pass option to you ''support the puck''.
• Backing up a teammate who is engaged in a one on one battle defensively ''safety valve''.
• Driving to the net on the initial attack ''crash the net'', giving the puck carrier the option of throwing the puck at the net hoping for a rebound.
• Passing the puck to a player and skating to become open again ''Give and Go'' (Do not watch your pass).
• Getting into an area to become a scoring threat.
• Skating without the puck!!!!

The most dangerous player on the ice is the one that understands the principle of ''Support'' and knows how to use it effectively to ''read and react'' and get into proper position.

As you can see by the chart above at least 80% of the game is played without the puck. This chart shows to exciting part of the game, the part of the game players will enjoy working on with little prompting from the coach. The coach can and should have a greater impact helping motivate and teaching the player how to play away from the puck.

Playing away from the puck:

• Provide pass support.
• Create time and space.
• Become a scoring threat.
• Provide insurance (cover for the D).

Puck ready position This means that at any given point in time you are ready to receive a pass. Keep your stick down on the ice ready to get the puck! You need to have you stick on the ice at all times. If it is not, you can not provide a target for the passer, you have trouble receiving a pass (Because you have to react and get your stick down), you have trouble deflecting and intercepting passes, etc. So it is very important to have your stick on the ice. 

Ice Awareness Ice awareness is the ability of the puck carrier to see the entire ice surface, the location of all the players and the availability of different options for the puck carrier. 

Counting Numbers With Ice awareness, the puck carrier can count numbers. Basically reading how many team mates and how many opponents are in the vicinity of the puck to identify whether the situation is a 1-1, 2-1, etc. 

Read and react Once the puck carrier has "Ice Awareness" and has counted the numbers, he can read and react to the position and play. Read and react means the puck carrier reads the ice surface and understands the positioning of his teammates as well as the positioning of the opposing players. The puck carrier reads the opposition pressure and looks for open teammates supporting the puck. If no one else is near the puck, the puck carrier can control the puck himself by skating with it. If the puck carrier is out numbered two to one, he will most often move or pass the puck to avoid the checking pressure. 

General line changes Don't kill yourself with long shifts, especially early in the game. Tired players make mistakes and you are more susceptible to injury. 45 second shifts! 

The thought process of a 45 second shift:

• Bust your butt for 25 seconds.
• Now start looking for a good opportunity to change.

As Wayne Gretzky has said "If you can't skate you can't play." As that is a cold hard truth, let me remind you that there are millions of skaters that can't play the game. 

You need a good understanding of the fundamentals and know how to execute on those fundamentals in order to become a hockey player. 

Defensive Zone Basics

The above picture illustrates the basic areas within the defensive zone. Each area has it's own set of basic principles and roles of the player in that zone. It is important that you understand the areas and the principles that apply to them in order to defend your defensive zone effectively. The areas and principles are as follows:

• A. HIT ZONE - Defensemen must body check, seal off players, pin them to boards, and above all DO NOT GET BEAT 1-1.
• B. SUPPORT ZONE - Stay between the puck and the net, quickly find and attack loose pucks. CONTAINMENT.
• C. WAR ZONE CREASE - Feet pointed up ice (to see attackers), scan for loose players, lock them up if they become a threat.
• D. WAR ZONE - Head on a swivel!! Watch back door, support Point Zone (left winger).
• E. POINT ZONE - Head on a swivel, weak side winger should move more to the high slot area, this keeps his point covered and he is naturally in the passing lane.

Defensive Zone Priorities

In the picture above you will see 5 areas, marked by priority and order of where goals are scored.

• Area 1 the war zone crease, is where the most goals are scored.
• Area 2 the slot area, or war zone is where the next most goals are scored from.
• Area 3 is where many scoring opportunities are created if shots from this area reach the crease.
• Area 4 behind the net. This is another area where opportunities are created by wrap arounds and passes to players in the war zone.
• Area 5 this is a minimal scoring threat and little danger.

Being Area 1 is the most likely area from which a goal will come from and Area 5 the least likely, a player should NEVER be in a higher numbered area when the opposition has the puck in a lower numbered area. If the puck reaches AREA 1 and the opposition has numbers in that area, all 5 players should collapse to that area to help the goaltender. Once the puck is out of the area, the team must expand back to normal coverage in the zone. 

Quick UP – HOCKEY BREAKOUT

In this breakout D1 is moving for the puck and D2 has an eye on the play. D2 will call “UP” to D1 letting him know that the best play is to turn up the strong side of the ice and pass the puck to the winger on the boards (LW). If the winger is tied up while D1 is moving with the puck the center is there for support and D1 can also make the pass to C.

The best time to use this breakout is when the other team has players near the net, or behind the net (or moving to that zone) and the best option is to move the puck right away up the strong side of the ice. Also use this when the opposition is on a change. 

C is there for support (another option for D1) and RW will move across the ice to provide support once LW get’s the puck.

Note: The goalie should be calling forechecking pressure. D2 should be working with the goalie to make sure that if we turn over the puck we can recover. 

D2, Make your pass then skate toward the dots (middle of the ice). Most players will make the pass and glide up the boards, if the pass is picked off you not in position to defend the play.   

OVER – HOCKEY BREAKOUT

In this situation D1 has moved to pick up the puck, while D2 is reading the other teams position. D2 recognizes that the other team has flooded one side of the ice so he calls “OVER!” to D1. This tells D1 that the best play is to pass the puck behind the net to D2 (A direct pass is ideal, but a bank pass can be made as well)

Caution: In this play it is important that D1 makes the pass quickly to D2, some players may try to skate with the puck towards D2 before making the pass, however this would carry the pressure over to D2’s side and could result in a turnover.

Note: After D1 has made the pass DO NOT JUST STAND THERE! Engage in the play, read what is going on. Provide support or protection to the net, Pass and Skate, at the very least skate to the front of the net.  Goalies, you are the quarter back in the defensive zone, Communicate!! Let your defensive know where fore-checking pressure is coming from.

The best time to use this breakout is when the other team has flooded D1’s side of the ice and D2 can quickly move to get a pass behind the net.

As a team, communication is a must, if we are going to turn all the individuals on the ice into one collective unit knowing what is going on and where to be. COMMUNICATE on the ice at all times, games and or practice.